Likert Found Participative Leadership On Teamwork,...

Likert found participative leadership to improve the teamwork, communication and overall participation of achieving objectives. The style engaged the whole organisation or the specific team, with the responsibility of achieving objectives being spread across. He concluded the style to be the best in terms of long-term benefits to organisations. Gary Yukl made similar findings in 1971. Yukl highlighted the different levels of participation and how behaviour affects the effectiveness of leadership. Yukl’s four management styles included: †¢ Autocratic – The leader makes the decisions and there is no consultation from the subordinates †¢ Consultation – The leader asks for opinions, but makes the decisions †¢ Joint Decision – The leader invites ideas from subordinates and included them in the decision-making process †¢ Delegation – The leader allows the subordinates to make the decisions All of the above include a different level of participation from the subordinates, expect for the autocratic model. The modern context From the above basic concepts and findings, the theory of participatory leadership began emerging. Interestingly, the term ‘participatory’, which is defined by the Cambridge dictionary as â€Å"the idea that things can be achieved more easily if everyone works together and is involved in making decisions†, embraces a number of different styles. Therefore, participative leadership can take many shapes and this has meant the clear definition of the model remainsShow MoreRelatedLikerts Four System4619 Words   |  19 PagesDEFINITION OF THE THEORY Likert theory called Likerts Management Systems Theory. Rensis Likert developed this theory in the 1960s. He outlined four systems of management to describe the relationship, involvement, and roles of managers and subordinates in industrial settings. He based the systems on studies of highly productive supervisors and their team members of an American Insurance Company. Later, he and Jane G. Likert revised the systems to apply to educational settings. They initially intendedRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Issues9605 Words   |  39 Pagesreduce costs, restructuring and downsizing have affected almost every organization. However, recent research suggests that there are costs for these organizations in terms of their impaired ability to perform long term. Many companies have shown poor leadership when trying to capitalize on technological breakthroughs; e.g., Kodak; Xerox. 2. What are some of the new challenges confronting managers in today s business environment? The global, one-world economy is changing the nature of competition.Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages 76 Developing Standards and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Theory Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Management by Objectives (MBO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Total Quality Management (TQM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Policy Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Sources of Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreAn Effectiveness of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Retention in Institute of Higher Learning: - a Regression Analysis6702 Words   |  27 Pagesexpectancy toward effective performance management on their retention. Quantitative data was collected using the non probability self administered questionnaire that consist of questions with 5-points Likert scales distributed to our samples of 278 individuals. By using a multiple regression analysis, it is found that, training and development, appraisal system compensation are significant to employee retention except employee empowerment. Base on the results, training, compensation and appraisal is a fundamentalRead MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 PagesAnd Change ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE UNIT – I LEARNING OBJECTIVES The student is expected to learn the following concepts after going through this unit. 1. Change 3. Planned Change 5. Unplanned Change 2. 4. 6. Stimulating Forces Change Agents Lewin’s Three Step Model The change means the alteration of status quo or making things different. It may refer to any alteration which occurs in the overall work environment of an organization. When an organizational system is disturbedRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesStyles and the Design of Control Systems: Corporate Culture and Design of Control Systems, Decentralization and Design of Control Systems, Organizational Slack and Design of Control Systems, Stakeholder Controls and Design of Control Systems, Communication Structures and Control Process – Establishing a Customer-Focussed Total Quality Culture: Implementing Total Quality Management – Impact of Information Technology on Control Systems Design: Providing Information for Operational and Strategic DecisionRead MoreMGT1FOM Key Management Theorists26579 Words   |  107 Pagesorganizations and their members. The disparity between personal motives and organizational motives led Barnard to distinguish between ‘‘effectiveness’’ and ‘‘efficiency.’’ A formal system of cooperation required an objective or purpose, and if cooperation was successful and the objective was attained, the system was effective. Barnard saw the matter of efficiency differently. He felt cooperative efficiency was the result of individual efficiencies, because individuals cooperated only to satisfy ‘‘individualRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRelationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B Conducting Interviews 619 Supplement C Conducting Meetings 651 Appendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 Name Index 705Read MoreJob Stress and Its Impact on Employee Performance18500 Words   |  74 Pagessense of satisfaction turn into feelings of stress. In short, the stage is set for illness, injury, and job failure. Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury thus in poor performance. St. Paul Federal and Marine Insurance Co. (1992) study found that problems at work have a more direct affect on workers’ health than any other life stressor, including family or financial problems. Stress related disorders encompass a broad array of conditions, including psychological disorders (e.g., depressionRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesseldom used by nonprofit organizations. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) ________ is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. A) Marketing management B) Knowledge management C) Operations management D) Strategic management E) Distribution management Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 3) Identify the correct statement about

The Dungeon Is The Heart Of My Empire - 1938 Words

It’s past 4:00AM when Black drops her off. â€Å"You know why I brought you to the dungeon?† Carmello asks turning the Benz off. Mya shakes her head no. â€Å"The dungeon is the heart of my empire. It’s the hive and those workers you saw is my busy bees making the honey that goes on the streets. I needed you to see my operation in the raw. Remember, I said I was molding you?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I want you to be with me long term, but I gotta be able to trust you with everything, even my life if it comes down to it.† Black was staring straight into Mya’s eyes with a serious intensity she never saw before. She listened to every word carefully. â€Å"I got another two to three years on top of this drug game. I’m gonna take what I learned from my old head Manny, god rest his soul. Realest nigga I ever met. He schooled me to the game early, gave me my first pack when I was fourteen. He was Spanish, Colombian and flashy, always had h ad fly cars and jewels. I was in the street running wild. My pops was dead and my mom ain’t have no back bone so I had to step up and become the man of the house. Manny owned a chop shop. He taught me how to drive and let me park the cars, even had me making little deliveries for 200.00 or 300.00 here and there, he even got me my first piece of pussy; bad lil bitch named Maria. I still remember her.† Mya throws Black a jealous frown. â€Å"When I was sixteen he taught me how to cook potent product, a certain recipe and the ingredients are mapped out inShow MoreRelatedThe Dark Side Of The Snow Falls1634 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the snow falls behind the rusted bars, the King is laughing alone in the dungeon. His guffaws echo back by the moist cobblestone and bounce off to nothing but the warm body of the dead on the bloody wooden table. In contrast to the sticky red is a shiny crown and a bubbling matte bottle. As the cold breeze turns into a gale, the King picks up the bottle with sickly sweet poison and pours down into his throat. 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Transylvania, along with Moldavia, and Wallachia, are now joined together as Romania. The name Dracul can be interpreted in two ways, the first translation from Romanian would be quot;Dragonquot;, but it sometimes alsoRead MoreThe Haunted Caves - Original Writing2631 Words   |  11 Pagesthing: revenge. It had lived eons ago, a fiery fuel of hatred keeping his fire going, while all of the others had burned out. Then a story flashed by his eyes. A journey, years of living off scraps. Then, relief, a discovery. A journey home. A great empire. A fire. All gone. Wraiths populating this land. Slowly fading. None left. All but one moved on. But still, he hunts for his old master. The one who inflicted the horrors of magic onto his village. The one who taught him. Will felt one thing: pityRead MoreThe Genre of Stokers Dracula Essay6296 Words   |  26 Pagesis essential to accomplish this atmosphere of danger and fear, and it will be examined whether Dracula contains any of these elements. 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The functional part of this study includes designing and implementing a customer questionnaire for the House of Terror museum. The results of this research are presented in the end of this paper. I got to know the term dark tourism during my period in Budapest, Hungary. For Hungarians the time of communism is still in close memory – the step towards more democratic politics and free market economics was not taken until 1989 when the communist domination ended. The actions in Hungary reflected

Analyse the poetry of Thomas Hardy Essay Example For Students

Analyse the poetry of Thomas Hardy Essay Thomas Hardy Is an Intriguing and enigmatic poet whose poetic themes deviate from war, nature and heroism to love, the transience of life and the death of the soul. Though penned some eighty years ago, the poetry of Thomas Hardy remains remarkably accessible and identifiable to a modern reader. While some critics claim that his poetic writing is archaism. His language elegant but awkward and his work difficult to comprehend, I enjoyed the poetry of Hardy for its diversity of themes, its earthly realism and his descriptive and metaphorical language. I identified and metatheses with his poetry of love and loss, change and decay. Hither he Is describing the transience of life and the onslaught of time Down their carved names the raindrop ploughs or the mystery, enchantment and wonder of first love with magic in my eyes, the world that Hardy creates is always vivid and real for his reader. When I set out for Loneness Is a beautiful, sad, magical and poignant lyric that captures the magic , mystery and wonder of first love. Despite the fact that the poem describes the wonder and Joy that the poet feels for his new love, the poem Is devoid f any specific details about the narrators beloved, their initial meeting or the nature of their relationship. And it is because of this, because of the poets description of an emotion rather than an event that When I set out for Loneness becomes a universal love poem to all and for all that have ever loved or have hoped to love. While much of Hardys work focus upon the Irrationality of war, the transience of life and the destructive progress of time, When I set out for Loneness is different in many respects. Depicting great personal happiness. Fulfillment and love. A ransoming and memorable moment In the poets life, a time where everything has changed. Despite the Joy and happiness that the poet describes, it Is Impossible to ignore the poignancy of this simple lyric. After all, Hardy composed this poem after his wifes death, forty-four years after their initial encounter. Biographical details indicate the marriage was an unhappy and unfulfilled one. Hardy might thus be suggesting that despite the fervor, romance and enchantment of first love, such feelings will never last, that love Itself Is little more than an elaborate Illusion, that eve is transience, as subject to the ravages of time as we are. On the 7th March 1870, at the second bidding, Hardy traveled to SST Julio in Cornwall to draw an architects plan of the church. It was during this visit that Hardy was to meet, fall in love with and eventually to marry Emma Gifford. Their marriage was thirty-eight years long and an unhappy one. After Emma passed away Hardy found a series of manuscripts among his wifes possessions. One of them described their first meeting and It appears that it was this manuscript that provided the motivation for his poem. Hardy noted l have a faculty for burying emotion in heart or brain for forty years and exhuming it at the end of that time as fresh as when interred. While Hardy is frequently condemned for his archaism language and awkward tots language. Despite the unusual alliterated expressions durst declare and Should sojourn, the poem is easily comprehensible and is laced with the mythical, magical, even childlike terms such as wisest wizard or prophet. Structurally, each stanza describes a different stage in Hardys Journey. Stanza one depicts the departures, Tanta two the Journey itself and stanza three the transformation. When I set out for Loneness is based the Wordsmiths principal of emotion recollected in tranquility. There is a sense of reluctance rather than anticipation at the beginning of the poem as the poet emphasizes the loneliness and isolation of the speaker starlight lonesomeness yet there is a sense of enchantment evident from the poets first utterances. The still night sky creates a luminance of romance and mystery. Loneness, a mythical kingdom normally associated with King Arthur is more of a fairytale world than a real one. It is hundred miles away, and thus the land described assumes magical, mythical significance Repetition, particularly of the word Loneness, and rhyme contribute to the musical quality of the poem. There is a contrast between the narrators demeanor at the outset and the demeanor of the poet upon return from his Journey. Hardy captures the sense of transformation as a result of falling in love. While initially feeling only lonesomeness, the poet returned with magic in my eyes. American Poetry EssayAs the narrator plunge(s) moment from the past. Through this simple action, the poet can excavate and recall her memory of that day frequently and vividly. While the memory fades and corrodes over time, the narrator never miss(sees) the sweet sharp sense of fugitive day. Much of the poem is dedicated to the description of the idyllic picnic. The scene is evicted as one akin to Eden, a perfect and happy time in the lives of the lovers. August, to paint the scene, and we placed our basket of fruit by the runlets rim, where we sat to dine. The wine glass, so central to our understanding of the poem as a whole is introduced in the main body of the text and with it, the tone of the poem alters, becoming darker and bleaker. While the function of the wine glass is ambiguous with some critics suggesting that the glass, while lost, functions as a symbol of the all enduring love of the narrator for her beloved. Equally it may be argues that the forever lost and unbound glass becomes a powerful and extended symbol of the lost and unattained love of the protagonists. Just as their love faded over time, There the glass still is. In the intricate detail, the loss of the glass is conveyed, Where it slipped, and it sank, and was past recall, Through we stooped and plumbed the little abyss With long bared arms. It is for this reason that plunging her arm in a basin reminds her of the wine glass. Written in 1917 during the First World War and during what the poet presumed to be the final years of his life. Afterwards is an elegy, lyric and self portrait that reflects the manner in which the poet wishes to be remembered after his passing, once he has stilled at last. Afterwards contains obvious philosophical musings surrounding life, death and reputation, and while Hardy maintains the perspective of a detached outsider and observer, the poem reveals much about Hardy as a person. Afterwards suggests that Hardy cared little for reverence brought about by his literature, preferring that he would be remembered as a keen environmentalist, who dedicated his life to the dew-fall hawk, the green leaves and the innocent re turns. While death is mentioned in each stanza, it is not depicted as something fearful of apprehensive, rather it is familiar and gentle. Afterward illustrates Hardys craft and skill as a poet. With its control of diction and image to create the effect required, and its equal control of syntax and rhythm. Each stanza is written in a single sentence with the main verb coming late to introduce the imagined comment at the end. The repetition of this sentence structure, with the slow rhythm of the lines h=gives an appropriately solemn, funeral quality to the poem. The poem opens with an image of Hardys death, an unusual personification of the present fastening its back gate posters after Hardy had departed. Posters suggests a small a gate used by unimportant guests. The adjective tremulous suggests fragility, uncertainty and brevity, emphasizes the transitory nature of life itself, or Hardys stay on earth. Creature. This is my favorite line on the English course. And the May month flap s its glad green leaves like wings The verb flaps compares its glad green leaves with the wings Delicate filmed as new spun silk, of a newly emerged butterfly. The simile is unexpected and embellished by alliteration. The cycle of nature, of birth and rejuvenation will continue long after the poets passing. The may be associating the new leaves with a fledglings wings, suggesting the innocence, youth and naivety that the poet lost a lifetime ago. The new-spun silk can be further associated with the silk of a cocoon, within which the process of metamorphosis occurs. Thomas Hardys gloomy poem about the turn of the twentieth century The Darling Thrush, remains one of his most popular and anthologists lyrics. The Darling Thrush is a transitional poem, illustrating the trepidation and doubt many people felt about the future as the Victorian Era came to an end and the modern Era was about to begin. During Wind and Rain is a haunting, poignant, beautiful and pessimistic reflection on the transience of life, the passage of time and fragility of life. Though inspired by the memories of his late wife, During Wind and Rain is an intensely personal poem, a lament for inexorable march of time and the destruction and oblivion, which time precipitates. In many ways, the poem is an elegy for life itself. A conclusion needs to be added

Multiple Personalities Do They Really Exist Essays -

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist? Multiple personalities- the existence of two or more distinct personalities or personality states within one person. In actuality, up to ten or even more personalities can coexist within one person, some documented cases have revealed over one hundred. But, the question remains, what exactly is the multiple personality disorder (MPD)? First I will look at what exactly the disorder is. It is, in simple terms, many complex personalities all inhabiting the same body. At any given time, one of those personalities is in control of the body. Each one has different tastes, style, thought process, and many other things that define a person. However, research has proven even more than that. In clinical studies it has been found that of the different personalities of one person, the eye prescription, allergies, athletic ability, and even diabetes can exist in one of the personalities and not the others. The person can switch at any given time from one personality to another, often not realizing it. This can account for memory loss and time loss in the primary personality, who often does not have access to the memories of the other personalities. A common misconception among the general public is the confusion of MPD with the disease of schizophrenia. Schizophrenics do NOT have distinct personalities, rather, they have hallucinations of voices outside their heads. Schizophrenia is caused by brain malfunctions and can be treated with drugs, whereas suffers of MPD cannot because MPD is an almost purely psychological disorder. MPD seems to be caused mainly by incredibly violent and terrible childhood abuse. In fact, about 98% of MPD sufferers were abused as children. The disorder also occurs between three to nine times more in women than men, the person being abused creates other personalities to handle the pain. In the case of a man named Milligan, his father beat him and sexually abused him. Then he forced the boy to dig his own grave, burying him alive with only a stove pipe to breath through. Then the father urinated into the pipe onto the boy's face. With that kind of abuse, you either go crazy, die, or develop other personalities. That is why, in many people with MPD, there are agitated and distracted child personalities. These personalities were created in order to suffer the pain of abuse. When the abuse was over, their call was no longer needed and the primary personality could resume control, dropping with that second personality all memory of the event and continuing as if nothing happened. This type of personality exists in almost all MPD sufferers. Another common personality is the Persecutor personality. This personality is created to absorb the rage the person feels towards his abusers. It often lashes out, either at other people or at the other personalities, because it believes some of the punishment was their fault. To punish that personality it will often harm the body of the person, not realizing it is hurting itself in the process. A final common personality is the Protector personality. It is created to give a feeling of protection to the child personalities and to try to prevent the Persecutor from lashing out at others or itself. These are obviously not all the personalities, found, but they are the most common. Due to all these conflicting interests the personalities often argue with each other. This is why the person often hears voices "inside his head" whereas the schizophrenic hears them from outside in the world. Many people dispute the existence of multiple personalities. They argue that such an idea is impossible and that the people are simply making it up. However, I believe the opposite, and many people share my opinion due to one study. Around 10 years ago a Dr. Putnam conducted an experiment, whereby he hooked several MPD sufferers up to a machine that measures brain waves. He then subjected each personality of each person to a set of stimuli. Each personality reacted differently, the difference was around the same as between two separate people. The control group of volunteers faking the disorder could produce any difference, indicating to me that something is very different about those states of mind, and they cannot simply make up the changes in response to stimuli, nor can they fake diabetes and different physical requirements as I stated earlier as examples in differences of personalities. To move on to treatment, there is virtually no treatment a psychiatrist can offer other than extensive psychotherapy and hypnosis. In bringing out the suffering that caused the development of personalities, usually many